| Total R&D personnel in head count |
| R&D institutes and other budgetary research units |
12 627 |
12 846 |
| Higher education |
31 083 |
33 600 |
| Business enterprises |
35 677 |
38 205 |
| Total |
79 387 |
84 651 |
| Total R&D personnel in head count, females |
| R&D institutes and other budgetary research units |
4 691 |
6 478 |
| Higher education |
13 254 |
15 164 |
| Business enterprises |
8 232 |
8 516 |
| Total |
26 177 |
30 158 |
| Researchers in head count |
| R&D institutes and other budgetary research units |
7 906 |
8 046 |
| Higher education |
23 288 |
24 612 |
| Business enterprises |
23 776 |
25 433 |
| Total |
54 970 |
58 091 |
| Researchers in head count, females |
| R&D institutes and other budgetary research units |
2 745 |
3 379 |
| Higher education |
8 417 |
9 574 |
| Business enterprises |
4 204 |
4 480 |
| Total |
15 366 |
17 433 |