Concepts and tables

Concepts

Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)

One of the satellite accounts of the System of National Accounts, compiled to monitor the supply and demand side of tourism and to measure the performance of the tourism sector as a contribution to the economy as a whole. It also covers the demand for travel-related goods and services of visitors, the supply of tourism-related goods and services within the economy, and the spill-over effects of tourism supply on other economic activities.

Tourism is not a sector in its own right but can be seen as part of several relevant sectors. According to the current methodology, the following activities are included in the tourism industry: accommodation and food service activities, passenger transport by rail, road, water and air, car rental, travel agencies, tour operators and other reservation service activities, cultural services, and sports and leisure activities.

Other tourism-related activities are spa services and supporting transport activities. The tables are based on the recommendations of international organisations such as the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union Statistical Office (Eurostat), and are therefore comparable with those of other countries in terms of both content and structure.

Visitor

A visitor is a person who stays in the place visited for less than 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is any activity other than that for which he is remunerated in the place visited.

Tourist and same-day visitor

A visitor (resident or non-resident) is considered a tourist (overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, otherwise a day-tripper (same-day visitor).

Inbound tourism by foreigners in Hungary

Travel to Hungary by a non-resident visitor, also known as inbound tourism.

Domestic tourism

Includes trips to Hungary by a resident visitor, whether as part of a domestic or foreign trip, also known as domestic tourism.

Outbound tourism

Activities of a resident visitor outside Hungary, also known as outbound tourism.

Tourism in Hungary (Internal tourism)

Includes trips to Hungary by foreigners and residential tourism, i.e. the activity of resident and non-resident visitors in Hungary as part of a domestic or international trip, also known as domestic tourism.

Tourism expenditure

The amount paid for the purchase of consumer goods and services, for the personal use of valuables or for gifts during a tourist trip. It includes both own expenditure and expenditure reimbursed by others.

Tourist purpose (Touristic motivation)

Holiday, sightseeing, nature trip, visiting a relative or friend, health treatment, health preservation, conference participation, cultural or sporting event, business trip, hunting, religious pilgrimage, event visit or studying for less than a year, etc.

Non-touristic motivation

Work, daily commuting, commuting to work and studying for more than a year.

Balance of Sectoral Relations (BSI)

Table describing the production links between sectors of the national economy and the structural link between production and final consumption.

Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA)

Value added generated by tourism and related sectors that directly contribute to tourism consumption in Hungary. The term direct refers to the fact that the tourism satellite accounts measure only the value added (in tourism and related sectors) as a result of visitors' consumption and ignore the indirect and induced effects that consumption may generate.

Tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP)

The tourism direct gross domestic product is the sum of the share of gross value added (at basic prices) generated by all industries as a result of internal tourism consumption plus the sum of net taxes on products and imports, calculated at purchaser prices, which includes the value of this expenditure.

**Domestic tourism expenditure **

In addition to the domestic tourism expenditure of domestic visitors, it also includes the expenditure of visitors travelling abroad. Economic benefits are not always linked to the place visited during the trip. Not all international travel expenditure is incurred abroad, especially as a service can be ordered from either a domestic or a foreign company (e.g. for an international transport company or "en route" costs).

Tourism consumption

Tourism consumption is equivalent to tourism expenditure. That is, the amount paid for the purchase of consumer goods and services, for taking valuables, objects into own use or as gifts during a tourist trip, including both own and reimbursed expenses, corresponds to financial transactions that also include consumption of second homes (holiday homes) and social transfers and other imputed consumption.

Internal tourism consumption

Tourism consumption of residents and non-residents in Hungary. Resident (residential) consumption includes tourism consumption of households and employers' expenditure on business travel.

Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)

Gross fixed capital formation is the balance of acquisitions and disposals of fixed capital assets by resident producers during a given period, plus some increase in the value of non-produced fixed capital (e.g. land) as a result of the productive activity of the producer or of the business units. Fixed assets include produced assets that are used in production for more than one year. Data on GFCF in the tourism industry characterise the investment in the industry, with the main breakdown by type of tourism fixed capital goods. The capital formation data are based on the sectoral breakdown of national accounts data.

Travel (Trip)

A journey made by a person, during which the person leaves his/her usual environment to go to another place until he/she returns to his/her usual place of residence. In the case of a round trip, the trip consists of visits to different places. A tourist trip is a trip undertaken by a visitor for leisure and/or business purposes. A same-day trip is a trip that does not include an overnight stay. A multi-day (overnight) tourist trip includes at least one overnight stay.

Employee

An employee is a person who is regularly gainfully employed by an enterprise, a budgetary, social security or non-profit organisation or a self-employed person, including seasonal workers, casual workers who work during the reference week, student workers.

Employed

Employed persons who, during the reference period (so-called reference week), have performed at least 1 hour of gainful work or have been absent from work only temporarily (due to holidays, sickness, etc.). The employment data for the tourism sectors show the number of jobs filled and hours worked, as well as the employment equivalised. The employment data of the Tourism Satellite Account are in line with the methodology of the national accounts. All forms of employment are taken into account, such as main and secondary activities, including full-time and part-time employment. Tourism is typically a sector in which people often work in non-typical forms of employment (e.g. as a main job, on a full-time basis), so this should also be taken into account to provide a realistic picture.

Equivalent headcount

Equivalent headcount (converted into full-time equivalents) is the number of hours worked during the reference period (in this case one year) divided by the average number of hours worked by full-time employees during the same period. (The number of hours worked takes into account both the time worked in the main and the additional employment relationship, whether performed in full-time or part-time employment.)

Multiplier effect

Tourism-specific sectors generate additional output in the economy through spill-over effects on production. The magnitude of these effects can be calculated using multiplier indices, so that it is possible to assess the spill-over effect for a given sector (Table 2). Ten sectors have been identified internationally in the compilation of the satellite accounts, which ensure comparability with other countries, but the additional sectors may differ from country to country. The reasons for spill-over effects may also vary by sector, as the influence of imports is increasing with the spread of globalisation. The employment multiplier index is the number of persons employed in relation to the cumulative output.