Country, group of countries 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Austria 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.8 10.3 10.3 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.6 11.4 12.2 11.2 11.2
Belgium 9.3 9.1 9.1 9.6 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.9 11.5 11.3 10.7 10.8
Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 7.5 7.1 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.1 8.4 8.6 7.6 7.9
Cyprus .. .. .. .. .. 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.8 7.0 8.7 8.9 8.3 8.1
Czechia .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.5 9.0 9.2 8.5 8.4
Denmark .. .. .. .. .. 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.7 10.7 9.5 9.5
Estonia 5.3 5.0 5.2 6.0 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.5 7.5 6.9 7.5
Finland 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.3 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.6 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.7 9.9 9.7 10.5
France .. 10.4 10.3 10.5 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.3 11.2 12.1 12.3 11.8 11.5
Greece .. .. .. .. 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.0 8.5 7.9 8.3 8.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 9.4 9.0 8.5 8.4
Netherlands 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.9 9.9 11.0 11.1 10.0 9.8
Croatia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.7 8.1 7.3 7.2
Ireland .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.5 10.5 10.0 9.2 7.1 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.4 6.0 6.6
Poland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 7.1
Latvia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.9 7.5 9.4 8.1 7.3
Lithuania .. 5.9 5.8 6.3 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.9 7.4 7.7 7.2 7.3
Luxembourg .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.7
Hungary .. 7.8 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.3 7.2 7.3 6.7 6.4
Malta .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.1 8.9 9.9 9.5 9.1 8.8
Germany 10.1 10.0 9.8 10.0 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.4 12.5 12.7 12.5 11.7
Italy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.8 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 9.6 9.3 8.9 8.4
Portugal 9.7 9.4 9.3 9.6 10.1 10.0 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.5 10.5 11.2 10.6 10.0
Romania .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.5 4.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.5 5.8 5.7
Spain 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 10.8 10.3 9.7 9.2
Sweden 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.8 8.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.1 10.9 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.9 11.4 11.2 10.9 11.2
Slovakia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 7.5 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.6 7.7 7.4
Slovenia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.4 8.6 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.3
EUa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.9 10.8 10.8 10.3 10.0
United Kingdom .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.9 10.2 .. .. .. ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.4 9.5 9.2 9.1 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.7 9.6 8.7 8.9
Izland .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 9.7 9.7 9.1 8.7
Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.5
Norway 8.3 7.9 8.0 7.9 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.3 10.1 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.4 11.4 9.8 7.9 ..
Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.6 10.7 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.4 12.0 12.0 11.6 11.7

Footnotes

*Download date: 1 December 2025.
aThe EU designation means for EU27_2020.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg).

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
blue number
Preliminary datum.
green number
Revised datum.
.