Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total R&D personnel in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 12,627 12,846 12,130 11,530
Higher education 31,083 33,600 33,539 34,196
Business enterprises 35,677 38,205 41,764 45,154
Total 79,387 84,651 87,433 90,880
Total R&D personnel in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 4,691 6,478 5,376 5,131
Higher education 13,254 15,164 14,844 15,107
Business enterprises 8,232 8,516 9,134 10,265
Total 26,177 30,158 29,354 30,503
Researchers in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 7,906 8,046 8,285 7,896
Higher education 23,288 24,612 24,945 25,832
Business enterprises 23,776 25,433 28,947 31,474
Total 54,970 58,091 62,177 65,202
Researchers in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 2,745 3,379 3,192 3,186
Higher education 8,417 9,574 9,522 10,111
Business enterprises 4,204 4,480 4,999 5,809
Total 15,366 17,433 17,713 19,106

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external
.