Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Total R&D personnel in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 12,627 12,846 12,130 11,530 11,589
Higher education 31,083 33,600 33,539 34,196 37,835
Business enterprises 35,677 38,205 41,764 45,154 45,524
Total 79,387 84,651 87,433 90,880 94,948
Total R&D personnel in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 4,691 6,478 5,376 5,131 5,084
Higher education 13,254 15,164 14,844 15,107 15,792
Business enterprises 8,232 8,516 9,134 10,265 10,396
Total 26,177 30,158 29,354 30,503 31,272
Researchers in head count
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 7,906 8,046 8,285 7,896 7,960
Higher education 23,288 24,612 24,945 25,832 29,899
Business enterprises 23,776 25,433 28,947 31,474 32,237
Total 54,970 58,091 62,177 65,202 70,096
Researchers in head count, females
R&D institutes and other goverment research units 2,745 3,379 3,192 3,186 3,082
Higher education 8,417 9,574 9,522 10,111 11,131
Business enterprises 4,204 4,480 4,999 5,809 5,948
Total 15,366 17,433 17,713 19,106 20,161

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external
.