Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 10,633 9,708 9,984 9,733 9,178 8,900
Higher education 12,994 14,111 14,703 14,303 15,390 13,958
Business enterprises 31,027 33,124 34,941 37,113 38,120 36,881
Total 54,654 56,943 59,628 61,149 62,688 59,739
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 3,738 4,643 4,370 4,242 3,958 3,734
Higher education 5,240 6,056 6,319 6,213 6,250 6,134
Business enterprises 7,292 7,549 7,879 8,819 8,945 8,503
Total 16,270 18,248 18,568 19,274 19,153 18,371
Researchers in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 6,592 6,495 6,848 6,717 6,302 6,006
Higher education 9,547 9,999 10,603 10,346 11,804 10,470
Business enterprises 21,467 22,801 24,648 26,261 27,659 27,748
Total 37,606 39,295 42,099 43,324 45,765 44,224
Researchers in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 2,149 2,719 2,622 2,648 2,394 2,286
Higher education 3,281 3,779 3,926 4,023 4,235 4,118
Business enterprises 3,815 4,036 4,350 4,982 5,186 5,138
Total 9,245 10,534 10,898 11,653 11,815 11,542

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external. Staff number converted to full-time employees, i.e. staff number weighted with the ratio of time spent on actual research and development to total working hours.
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