Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 10,633 9,708 9,984 9,733 9,178 8,900 8,283 7,194
Higher education 12,994 14,111 14,703 14,303 15,390 13,958 12,909 14,289
Business enterprises 31,027 33,124 34,941 37,113 38,120 36,881 38,272 37,789
Total 54,654 56,943 59,628 61,149 62,688 59,739 59,464 59,272
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 3,738 4,643 4,370 4,242 3,958 3,734 3,537 2,952
Higher education 5,240 6,056 6,319 6,213 6,250 6,134 5,951 6,545
Business enterprises 7,292 7,549 7,879 8,819 8,945 8,503 8,708 8,838
Total 16,270 18,248 18,568 19,274 19,153 18,371 18,196 18,335
Researchers in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 6,592 6,495 6,848 6,717 6,302 6,006 5,642 4,683
Higher education 9,547 9,999 10,603 10,346 11,804 10,470 9,532 10,580
Business enterprises 21,467 22,801 24,648 26,261 27,659 27,748 29,227 28,860
Total 37,606 39,295 42,099 43,324 45,765 44,224 44,401 44,123
Researchers in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 2,149 2,719 2,622 2,648 2,394 2,286 2,150 1,628
Higher education 3,281 3,779 3,926 4,023 4,235 4,118 3,922 4,320
Business enterprises 3,815 4,036 4,350 4,982 5,186 5,138 5,373 5,375
Total 9,245 10,534 10,898 11,653 11,815 11,542 11,445 11,323

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external. Staff number converted to full-time employees, i.e. staff number weighted with the ratio of time spent on actual research and development to total working hours.

Explanation of symbols

blue number
Preliminary datum.
.