Denomination |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent |
R&D institutes and other government research units |
10,633 |
9,708 |
9,984 |
9,605 |
Higher education |
12,994 |
14,111 |
14,703 |
14,289 |
Business enterprises |
31,027 |
33,124 |
34,941 |
34,738 |
Total |
54,654 |
56,943 |
59,628 |
58,632 |
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent, females |
R&D institutes and other government research units |
3,738 |
4,643 |
4,370 |
4,186 |
Higher education |
5,240 |
6,056 |
6,319 |
6,207 |
Business enterprises |
7,292 |
7,549 |
7,879 |
8,223 |
Total |
16,270 |
18,248 |
18,568 |
18,616 |
Researchers in full-time equivalent |
R&D institutes and other government research units |
6,592 |
6,495 |
6,848 |
6,630 |
Higher education |
9,547 |
9,999 |
10,603 |
10,351 |
Business enterprises |
21,467 |
22,801 |
24,648 |
24,674 |
Total |
37,606 |
39,295 |
42,099 |
41,655 |
Researchers in full-time equivalent, females |
R&D institutes and other government research units |
2,149 |
2,719 |
2,622 |
2,616 |
Higher education |
3,281 |
3,779 |
3,926 |
4,021 |
Business enterprises |
3,815 |
4,036 |
4,350 |
4,645 |
Total |
9,245 |
10,534 |
10,898 |
11,282 |
.