Denomination 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 10,633 9,708 9,984 9,733 9,178
Higher education 12,994 14,111 14,703 14,303 15,390
Business enterprises 31,027 33,124 34,941 37,113 38,120
Total 54,654 56,943 59,628 61,149 62,688
Total R&D personnel in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 3,738 4,643 4,370 4,242 3,958
Higher education 5,240 6,056 6,319 6,213 6,250
Business enterprises 7,292 7,549 7,879 8,819 8,945
Total 16,270 18,248 18,568 19,274 19,153
Researchers in full-time equivalent
R&D institutes and other government research units 6,592 6,495 6,848 6,717 6,302
Higher education 9,547 9,999 10,603 10,346 11,804
Business enterprises 21,467 22,801 24,648 26,261 27,659
Total 37,606 39,295 42,099 43,324 45,765
Researchers in full-time equivalent, females
R&D institutes and other government research units 2,149 2,719 2,622 2,648 2,394
Higher education 3,281 3,779 3,926 4,023 4,235
Business enterprises 3,815 4,036 4,350 4,982 5,186
Total 9,245 10,534 10,898 11,653 11,815

Footnotes

*Total = internal + external. Staff number converted to full-time employees, i.e. staff number weighted with the ratio of time spent on actual research and development to total working hours.
.