Country, group of countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Austria 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.1
Belgium 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.4
Bulgaria 3.8 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1
Cyprus 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.4 3.4 4.6 5.0 4.9
Czechia 4.1 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8
2.8a
2.7a
2.7a
2.7a
2.6a
2.6a
2.9a
2.8a
 2.6 2.5
Denmark 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1
Estonia .. .. 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9
Finland 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9
France 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
2.8a
2.8a
 2.7 2.5
Greece 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
4.2a
4.2a
4.3a
4.4a
 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1
Netherlands 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9
Croatia 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.7
Ireland 2.2 7.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 3.7 3.7 2.9 2.9
2.8a
2.8a
2.9a
 ..
2.9a
2.7a
3.3a
3.9a
 3.5 3.6
Poland 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6
Latvia 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8
Lithuania 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1
Luxembourg 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4
Hungary 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5
Malta .. .. .. .. 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.2 4.7 4.5 4.4
Germany 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4
Italy 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.3
Portugal 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8
Romania 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 .. 2.2 2.2 2.1
Spain 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3
Sweden 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9
Slovakia 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6
Slovenia 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 .. 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6
EU27_2020 .. .. .. .. .. 3.2
3.2a
 ..
3.1a
3.1a
3.1a
3.1a
 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9
2.9a
2.9a
 2.9
3.0a
 3.1 3.0 2.9
United Kingdom 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 .. 3.8 3.7 3.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Footnotes

*Download date: 14 January 2025.
aEstimated figure.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg).

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
green number
Revised datum.
.