Country, group of countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Austria 9.6 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.6 9.2 9.5 9.5 9.4 10.3 10.3 10.3
Belgium 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 9.7 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.8 9.6 9.7 9.4 9.8 9.8 9.3 9.8 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.5 11.0 9.7 10.0
Bulgaria 14.1 14.0 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.8 14.9 15.0 14.8 14.5 14.9 14.7 15.0 14.4 15.1 15.3 15.1 15.5 15.4 15.5 18.0 21.7 18.4
Cyprus 7.7 6.9 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.3 6.8 7.0 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.0 6.4 6.9 6.4 7.0 6.6 7.1 7.2 8.0 7.9
Czechia 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.9 10.5 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.0 10.5 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.5 12.1 13.3 11.3
Denmark 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.3 10.1 10.2 10.2 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.8 10.1
Estonia 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.2 13.0 12.8 12.9 13.0 12.5 12.1 11.9 11.5 11.7 11.6 11.8 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.6 11.9 14.0 12.8
Finland 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 10.0 10.4 11.4
France 8.9 8.8 8.8 9.1 8.3 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.9 9.8 9.8
Greece 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.8 10.0 10.6 10.2 10.4 11.2 11.0 11.6 11.2 11.7 12.2 13.6
13.4a
Netherlands 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.7 9.8 9.6
Croatia 11.2 11.5 11.7 12.2 11.5 12.0 11.7 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.1 11.9 12.1 11.8 12.0 12.9 12.4 12.9 12.9 12.7 14.1 15.9 14.8
Ireland 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3
6.4a
6.3a
 6.5 6.8 6.9
Poland 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.9 10.0 10.1 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.2 9.9 10.4 10.2 10.6
10.9a
10.8a
12.6a
13.8a
 12.2
Latvia 13.6 14.1 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.6 14.9 15.0 14.2 14.0 14.3 13.9 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 14.5 15.2 18.4 16.4
Lithuania 11.1 11.6 11.9 12.0 12.2 13.2 13.7 14.1 13.7 13.3 13.6 13.6 13.7 14.0 13.7 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.1 13.7 15.6 17.0 15.1
Luxembourg 8.6 8.4 8.4 9.0 7.8 7.8 8.0 8.1 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.1 7.1 6.9 7.3 7.0 6.8
Hungary 13.3 13.0 13.1 13.4 13.1 13.5 13.1 13.2 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 13.0 12.8 12.8 13.4 13.0 13.5 13.4 13.3 14.5 16.1 14.2
Malta 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.9 7.5 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.3 7.8 8.1 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.9 8.0 8.0
Germany 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.3 9.9 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.1 10.7 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.3 11.9 12.3 12.7
Italy 9.8 9.6 9.8 10.2 9.5 9.8 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.0 9.8 10.7 10.1 10.7 10.5 10.6 12.5 11.9 12.1
Portugal 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.4 9.7 10.2 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.7 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.5 10.7 10.7 11.0 10.9 12.0 12.0 11.9
Romania 11.4 11.7 12.4 12.4 12.1 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.8 12.5 12.7 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.4 15.5 17.5 14.3
Spain 8.9 8.8 8.8 9.1 8.6 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.3 8.5 9.1 8.8 9.1 9.1 8.8 10.4 9.5 9.7
Sweden 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.1 10.2 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.7 9.4 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.6 9.5 8.8 9.0
Slovakia 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.7 10.0 9.9 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.6 9.9 10.0 9.8 10.8 13.5 11.0
Slovenia 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.7 9.3 9.4 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.9 9.9 11.4 11.0 10.6
EU27_2020 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1 9.7 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.8 10.1 10.0 9.9 10.4 10.2 10.5
10.5a
10.4a
11.6a
11.9a
11.5a
United Kingdom 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.9 9.0 8.8 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.0 .. .. ..
Iceland 6.5 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.0
North Macedonia 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.9 8.8 9.0 9.1 9.6 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.3 9.5 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.5 9.8 12.4 14.6 12.2
Montenegro 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.7 9.3 9.5 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.7 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6 11.7 14.8 11.5
Norway 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.8 8.4
Russia 15.3 15.6 16.2 16.4 15.9 16.1 15.1 14.6 14.5 14.1 14.2 13.5 13.3 13.0 13.1 13.0 12.9 12.4 12.5 12.3 14.6 16.7 ..
Switzerland 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.0 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.8 8.2 8.5
Serbia 13.8 13.2 13.7 13.9 14.0 14.3 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.0 14.2 14.6 14.3 14.8 14.6 14.6 16.9 20.0 16.2
Turkey 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3
5.2a
5.3a
 .. .. 5.9
India 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 7.4 9.4 ..
Israel 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 ..
Japan 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.8 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.7 ..
China 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 ..
Republic of Korea 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.2 ..
Egypt 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.3 ..
Brazil 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 7.4 8.3 ..
United States 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7 10.3 10.4 ..
Canada 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.6 8.1 7.8 ..
Mexico 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.9 9.3 9.4 ..
Australia 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.7 ..
New Zealand 6.9 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.8 ..

Footnotes

*Download date: 21 September 2023.
aEstimated figure.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); World Development Indicators (The World Bank, Washington D.C.)

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
blue number
Preliminary datum.
green number
Revised datum.
.