Country, group of countries, region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
volume change (on previous year, per cent) as % of GDP
Austria 3.2 1.6 0.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.7 -0.3 0.0 1.1 1.8 1.9 0.8 0.7 -7.6 4.9 5.4 -0.2 1.0 0.7 51.8
Belgium 2.8 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.5 3.8 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.4 -7.2 5.6 3.7 1.1 2.0 1.7 52.3
Bulgaria 9.0 7.7 5.7 6.5 9.5 7.3 8.5 11.5 3.5 -4.3 2.4 2.0 3.7 -3.9 1.5 2.8 2.1 2.5 3.3 6.0 -0.3 8.6 4.0 1.1 4.9 7.8 58.5
Cyprus 8.0 5.5 3.1 4.4 7.2 3.9 3.9 9.7 8.2 -6.5 4.9 -0.9 -2.8 -7.0 0.0 3.1 5.1 4.8 6.0 4.5 -6.1 4.7 8.9 6.0 4.0 3.3 56.6
Czechia 1.7 2.9 3.2 4.8 3.0 3.5 3.7 4.1 3.1 -0.6 1.8 0.6 -0.7 0.8 1.4 3.6 3.6 4.5 3.5 3.1 -6.4 4.2 0.5 -2.6 2.4 3.0 47.4
Denmark 0.4 0.5 1.5 1.3 4.8 3.9 2.8 1.9 0.2 -3.6 1.3 0.2 0.4 1.5 -0.2 2.0 3.3 2.7 3.8 1.8 -1.3 5.6 -2.2 -2.5 1.0 2.3 43.6
Estonia 7.0 6.9 9.7 9.7 8.1 9.7 12.9 8.4 -4.5 -13.9 -1.3 3.7 5.3 4.3 4.2 4.7 4.3 2.3 4.6 4.3 -0.8 7.2 2.9 -1.3 0.1 -0.1 52.7
Finland 2.1 2.7 2.5 4.1 3.8 3.2 3.9 3.5 2.0 -2.9 2.2 2.9 0.4 -0.5 0.5 1.4 1.8 0.4 1.1 0.4 -3.4 3.2 0.9 -0.3 0.2 -1.1 50.5
France 3.9 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 0.5 0.3 2.0 0.8 -0.4 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.7 -6.5 5.3 3.3 0.8 0.8 0.4 54.0
Greece 0.4 5.4 5.9 3.7 4.2 3.5 1.8 4.7 3.7 -1.5 -7.4 -7.9 -9.4 -3.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 2.6 2.3 2.6 -6.2 5.1 9.3 2.3 2.4 2.0 69.0
Netherlands 3.7 2.1 1.2 -0.1 0.8 0.9 -0.2 1.8 0.8 -2.0 0.1 0.4 -0.8 -0.6 0.7 2.2 1.3 2.2 2.4 1.0 -6.1 4.5 6.9 0.7 0.8 1.2 43.3
Croatia 4.5 5.3 9.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 1.3 5.0 3.1 -8.9 -1.5 1.0 -2.4 -1.6 -2.5 0.4 3.2 3.2 3.4 4.1 -5.2 10.7 6.9 3.3 6.0 2.5 56.2
Ireland 10.4 4.7 3.6 2.8 3.8 7.0 6.4 6.7 0.2 -5.3 0.3 -1.5 -1.1 -0.1 2.5 3.2 4.2 3.4 5.5 2.8 -10.5 9.1 10.8 3.5 2.4 2.5 25.6
Poland 3.0 2.0 3.7 1.5 4.0 1.6 4.9 5.2 7.0 3.0 3.9 2.8 0.8 -0.3 3.2 3.9 3.8 6.1 4.9 3.2 -3.2 6.2 5.2 -0.3 2.9 3.7 57.7
Latvia 2.2 5.2 6.9 7.9 10.4 11.5 19.9 11.8 -9.2 -19.0 3.8 0.6 5.9 6.7 0.9 1.8 3.9 2.8 3.6 -0.1 -4.8 8.1 5.1 -0.9 0.1 0.8 57.6
Lithuania 5.7 4.2 6.0 11.4 10.9 11.7 9.2 12.5 3.9 -17.4 -4.3 3.9 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.1 3.6 2.8 -3.2 8.1 1.9 -0.1 3.1 2.1 54.6
Luxembourg 5.1 3.3 5.2 2.4 1.2 -0.5 4.1 2.4 2.4 2.3 3.3 1.7 2.4 0.8 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.2 -7.7 11.4 6.6 3.8 3.2 2.3 33.5
Hungary 3.2 4.7 7.5 8.1 2.0 3.0 2.2 1.0 -1.3 -6.6 -1.5 0.6 -1.8 0.3 2.5 3.9 4.8 5.5 5.0 5.2 0.2 5.2 6.6 -2.2 7.3 3.1 52.5
Malta .. 1.7 -1.6 5.8 2.1 3.4 2.9 2.8 1.3 -1.5 2.4 3.8 1.0 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.8 6.6 10.2 5.7 -10.3 10.7 9.5 12.8 5.8 3.6 44.7
Germany 2.2 1.0 -0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.4 -0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.1 1.0 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.7 -6.8 2.0 6.5 -0.7 0.5 1.3 53.1
Italy 2.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 -1.1 -1.5 1.0 0.2 -3.6 -2.3 0.3 1.8 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.0 -10.6 5.8 5.3 0.5 1.2 1.1 57.6
Portugal 3.7 0.9 1.3 -0.3 2.5 1.6 1.5 2.5 1.4 -2.4 2.3 -3.7 -5.4 -1.2 2.3 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.6 3.5 -6.8 4.9 5.6 2.4 3.0 3.5 61.0
Romania 1.5 8.3 7.1 8.4 15.8 11.2 10.2 13.8 8.7 -6.4 -5.0 4.5 1.9 -5.0 4.1 5.9 6.0 11.6 9.4 3.1 -3.6 7.0 5.4 2.5 5.7 0.5 62.0
Spain 4.4 3.9 3.1 2.4 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.5 -0.6 -3.5 0.5 -2.4 -3.3 -2.9 1.7 3.0 2.7 3.1 1.7 1.1 -12.1 7.1 4.9 1.8 3.1 3.4 55.6
Sweden 6.1 0.8 2.2 1.6 2.8 3.2 2.8 4.4 0.0 1.1 4.0 1.9 1.1 1.8 2.9 4.2 2.2 2.5 1.9 0.8 -3.0 5.7 2.8 -1.6 1.4 1.9 45.9
Slovakia 2.5 5.2 5.7 0.5 6.8 4.8 6.4 7.9 7.0 0.0 1.3 -1.7 0.6 -1.6 2.5 3.2 3.6 5.9 4.1 2.8 0.4 3.1 4.9 -2.9 3.5 0.2 58.7
Slovenia -0.7 2.3 2.0 3.8 2.8 2.1 1.4 6.8 2.7 2.1 1.0 0.5 -2.4 -3.8 1.1 2.4 4.1 2.5 3.4 5.5 -6.1 11.3 3.9 0.0 3.8 1.7 51.4
EUa 3.1 1.9 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.2 0.6 -1.0 1.0 0.3 -0.9 -0.6 1.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.5 -7.1 4.8 5.0 0.3 1.6 1.6 52.5
United Kingdom 4.6 3.3 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.6 0.7 3.3 -0.8 -3.1 2.7 -0.6 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.0 3.6 2.1 2.1 1.1 -12.9 7.3 7.6 -0.4 -0.2 .. ..
Norway 4.4 2.4 3.7 3.5 6.2 5.5 6.1 5.9 1.6 1.0 4.5 3.1 4.1 3.8 2.9 3.7 2.1 3.1 2.7 1.9 -4.3 6.1 7.2 -1.0 1.3 2.6 42.5
Russia
7.0b
9.1b
8.1b
7.3b
11.5b
11.2b
11.8b
14.1b
10.3b
-5.2b
5.4b
7.1b
 7.5 5.0 0.9 -7.6 -1.4 3.1 3.5 3.4 -3.9 7.9 0.1 6.4 5.3 .. ..
Switzerland 2.7 2.3 0.1 0.4 1.9 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.5 2.3 2.4 0.9 2.4 1.3 1.5 0.1 1.4 -3.8 2.2 4.9 1.4 2.4 1.5 49.5
Serbia 7.6 4.2 9.1 2.6 12.7 2.4 10.4 8.1 3.9 -3.9 -0.6 0.2 -2.2 -1.8 -0.3 -0.4 1.9 2.1 2.8 3.7 -2.1 7.7 3.5 0.5 5.2
3.1b
62.4b
Türkiye 4.5 -8.5 5.7 7.8 10.0 5.3 3.4 5.0 0.0 -3.7 10.3 12.0 2.2 6.9 3.3 6.0 3.8 6.0 0.8 1.4 3.6 15.6 16.2 10.5 4.3 4.0 54.7
Israel 8.5 4.1 1.4 0.2 5.0 3.4 5.1 7.6 2.1 1.0 4.7 4.2 2.6 3.0 3.7 3.5 6.3 3.6 3.6 3.9 -7.3 11.1 7.3 -0.6 3.9 2.6 48.6
Japan 1.6 2.0 1.3 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.0 0.8 -1.1 -1.0 2.4 -0.6 2.2 2.8 -0.7 0.0 -0.4 0.9 0.2 -0.8 -5.0 1.9 2.3 0.1 -0.6 .. ..
China 10.9 7.0 9.1 6.4 7.7 10.2 8.4 11.8 8.0 10.2 9.2 11.9 8.6 7.1 8.3 7.6 8.5 7.3 7.8 6.4 -0.3 9.4 2.8 8.4 3.9 .. ..
Republic of Korea 9.0 5.8 9.1 -0.2 0.6 4.7 5.0 5.4 1.7 0.2 4.5 3.1 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.4 -4.6 3.7 4.2 2.0 1.1 .. ..
South Africa 4.1 3.5 3.2 2.8 6.2 6.1 8.8 6.5 1.2 -2.6 5.7 4.1 3.2 1.6 0.7 2.2 0.7 1.7 3.2 1.3 -6.1 6.0 2.6 0.2 1.0 3.6 65.8
United States 5.0 2.5 2.5 3.2 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.4 0.2 -1.3 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.8 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.1 -2.5 8.8 3.0 2.6 2.9 .. ..
Canada 4.1 2.4 4.0 2.7 3.1 3.9 4.2 4.4 3.0 0.1 3.6 2.3 1.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.1 3.7 2.6 1.6 -6.3 5.8 6.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 55.8
Mexico 8.7 2.8 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.1 4.5 1.2 1.0 -7.1 4.6 4.7 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.7 1.9 1.7 1.5 0.9 -9.8 8.4 4.8 4.2 2.6 .. ..
Australia 3.3 2.9 4.3 5.3 4.5 3.3 5.3 4.9 0.4 3.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 1.7 -3.3 0.7 4.3 6.6 1.0 1.1 .. ..
New Zealand 1.4 2.7 5.0 6.2 5.3 4.6 2.9 3.8 -0.8 1.5 2.2 3.1 2.3 3.8 3.3 4.2 6.4 4.8 4.5 2.5 0.1 5.9 3.3 1.1 0.0 .. ..

Footnotes

*Including non-profit institutions serving households. Download date: 7 July 2026.
aThe EU designation means for EU27_2020.
bEstimated figure.
Source: Eurostat (Luxemburg); UN database.

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
0
Less than half of unit.
blue number
Preliminary datum.
green number
Revised datum.
.