Country, group of countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Austria 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 -0.9 -0.7 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2
Belgium 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 -1.1 0.5 -0.2 0.0 -0.2
Bulgaria -5.1 -5.5 -5.9 -5.7 -5.2 -5.5 -5.2 -5.0 -4.4 -3.6 -4.7 -5.1 -5.5 -5.3 -5.8 -6.3 -6.2 -6.7 -6.9 -7.0 -10.0 -13.9 -9.6 -6.8 -7.3
Cyprus 4.5 4.8 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.8 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.5 5.7 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.5 3.8 4.6
3.7a
 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.7 3.3
Czechia -1.8 -1.7 -1.5 -1.7 -0.9 -0.6 0.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 -1.8 -2.7 -1.8 -2.0 -2.6
Denmark 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 -0.2 -0.2 0.0
Estonia -3.8 -4.2 -3.9 -3.7 -2.7 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -0.5 -0.2 0.0 -0.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.5 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -2.0 -4.0 -4.2 -3.7 -4.4
Finland 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.5 -0.2 -0.6 -1.3 -1.5 -1.6 -1.5 -3.3 -3.2 -2.6
France 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.5 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.3
Greece -0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.5 -0.4 -1.5 -1.6 -2.0 -2.7 -2.4 -3.3 -3.2 -3.8 -4.3 -5.5 -6.1 -5.4
-5.5a
Netherlands 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.5 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3
Croatia -1.5 -2.0 -2.4 -3.0 -2.2 -2.2 -2.1 -2.4 -1.9 -1.8 -2.0 -2.3 -2.3 -2.5 -2.7 -4.0 -3.4 -4.2 -3.9 -4.0 -5.4 -6.8 -6.0 -5.0 -4.9
Ireland 6.1 7.1 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.6 9.8 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.0 9.2 8.5 8.2 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.1 5.7 4.7 5.1 3.7 3.7 3.5
Poland 0.3 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.0 -0.5 0.0 -0.7 -0.2 0.0
-0.7a
-0.9a
-3.3a
 -5.1 -3.9 -3.7 -4.3
Latvia -5.0 -5.7 -5.4 -4.9 -5.1 -4.9 -4.6 -4.1 -3.0 -3.7 -4.9 -4.7 -4.5 -4.0 -3.4 -3.3 -3.4 -4.1 -4.9 -4.7 -5.9 -9.1 -7.9 -7.2 -7.4
Lithuania -1.4 -2.7 -3.3 -3.2 -3.4 -4.3 -4.7 -4.8 -3.8 -3.1 -3.7 -3.6 -3.7 -4.3 -3.7 -4.0 -4.0 -4.3 -4.5 -4.7 -7.1 -8.7 -7.4 -5.7 -6.4
Luxembourg 4.5 3.9 3.6 2.8 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.4 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.9
Hungary -3.7 -3.4 -3.5 -4.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.2 -3.5 -3.1 -3.4 -4.0 -4.1 -3.9 -3.8 -3.4 -4.0 -3.3 -3.8 -3.9 -3.8 -4.9 -6.5 -4.9 -4.3 -5.1
Malta 3.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.3
Germany -0.9 -1.1 -1.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -2.0 -2.3 -2.2 -2.4 -2.4 -2.6 -1.9 -2.3 -1.4 -1.8 -2.0 -1.9 -2.6 -2.7 -3.9 -4.0 -4.0
Italy -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.7 0.3 -0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 -2.7 -2.4 -3.2 -3.2 -3.6 -5.6 -5.1 -5.5 -4.9 -4.8
Portugal 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 -1.7 -2.3 -2.2 -2.2 -2.3 -2.3 -2.5 -2.4 -3.7 -4.3 -3.9 -3.1 -3.2
Romania -0.9 -1.8 -2.7 -2.5 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -1.7 -2.3 -2.7 -2.7 -2.9 -2.8 -3.1 -2.7 -2.6 -3.2
-3.1a
-5.2a
-7.4a
-5.0a
-4.4a
-5.3a
Spain 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -1.2 -1.2 -3.2 -2.4 -2.8 -2.3 -2.4
Sweden -0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.5 1.4 2.1 1.0 0.5 0.7
Slovakia 0.5 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.3 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 -0.4 -3.1 -1.3 -1.0 -1.4
Slovenia -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.6 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 -0.6 -2.5 -2.0 -2.3 -2.1 -2.2
EUb
0.5a
 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 -0.1
-0.3a
0.0a
-0.7a
-0.4a
-0.7a
-1.0a
-1.1a
-2.5a
-2.7a
-2.9a
-2.6a
-2.8a
United Kingdom 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.6 .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland 8.8 8.3 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.5 9.1 7.9 8.0 6.7 7.1 5.9 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.8 4.4 4.5 4.4
North Macedonia 5.9 5.0 4.8 4.4 2.7 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.8 -0.3 -3.2 -5.1 -2.4 -1.9 -2.3
Montenegro 6.2 5.6 4.9 4.3 3.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.1 4.5 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 -0.3 -3.4 -0.1 1.1 1.0
Norway 3.4 2.8 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.8
Russia -6.6 -6.6 -6.5 -6.2 -5.5 -5.9 -4.8 -3.3 -2.5 -1.8 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 -0.9 -1.6 -2.2 -4.8 -7.1 -4.0 -3.5 ..
Switzerland 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.9 0.7
Serbia -4.0 -2.7 -3.3 -3.3 -3.5 -4.6 -4.3 -4.7 -4.6 -4.6 -4.8 -5.2 -4.9 -4.8 -4.9 -5.4 -5.1 -5.5 -5.4 -5.3 -8.0 -10.9 -6.9 -5.4 -5.7
Türkiye 14.0 13.4 12.1 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.4 12.8 12.7 12.1 11.8 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 11.8 11.2 10.8
10.1a
9.1a
 .. .. 6.2 5.1 5.2
India 18.9 18.7 18.2 17.7 17.1 16.5 15.9 15.4 15.1 14.9 14.5 14.1 13.7 13.2 12.3 12.2 12.1 11.3 11.2 10.7 9.5 7.2 9.8 9.5 ..
Israel 15.7 15.4 15.4 15.9 15.7 15.2 15.5 15.5 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.1 16.3 16.1 16.3 16.0 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.0 13.9 14.3 13.6 13.4 ..
Japan 1.8 1.6 1.4 0.9 0.6 -0.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -1.0 -1.6 -1.8 -1.9 -2.1 -2.3 -2.7 -3.2 -3.6 -4.2 -4.3 -5.1 -6.6 -7.0 ..
China 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.8 6.1 7.4 5.9 6.7 4.9 6.5 5.6 3.8 3.3 1.5 0.3 -0.6 -1.5 ..
Republic of Korea 8.3 6.6 5.2 5.1 4.7 3.9 4.2 5.1 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.4 1.4 0.6 0.2 -0.6 -1.1 -2.4 -1.5 ..
Egypt 21.1 21.0 20.9 20.7 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.8 20.9 21.1 21.4 21.4 22.1 22.6 22.5 22.4 21.0 20.5 18.1 16.8 15.6 14.1 15.4 15.5 ..
Brazil 13.6 13.0 12.4 11.8 11.5 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.0 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.6 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.1 5.5 4.4 5.0 5.2 ..
United States 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.2 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.7 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.5 ..
Canada 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.3 1.4 1.5 0.4 0.7 ..
Mexico 18.7 18.3 17.9 17.4 16.9 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.1 14.8 14.6 14.4 14.2 13.9 13.3 12.5 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.8 8.1 7.3 9.5 9.5 ..
Australia 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.3 3.9 ..
New Zealand 7.8 7.2 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.4 8.4 8.3 7.8 8.2 7.1 7.1 6.6 5.8 6.4 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.0 3.6 ..

Footnotes

*Download date: 23 September 2025.
aEstimated figure.
bThe EU designation means for EU27_2020.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); World Development Indicators (The World Bank, Washington D.C.).

Explanation of symbols

..
Datum not available.
__, |
Break in series (limited comparability).
0
Less than half of unit.
blue number
Preliminary datum.
green number
Revised datum.
.