Country, group of countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Austria 4.8 4.8 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.7
Belgium 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.3 2.9
Bulgaria 13.3 14.4 13.3 12.3 11.6 10.4 9.7 9.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.6 6.6 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.1 5.6
Cyprus 5.6 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.5 4.6 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.5 1.6 2.1 2.7 2.6 1.3 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.7
Czechia 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2
Denmark 5.3 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 3.7 3.1 3.8 3.7 3.0 3.2 3.1
Estonia 8.4 8.8 5.7 7.0 6.4 5.4 4.4 5.0 5.0 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.6 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.2
Finland 3.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8
France 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7
Greece 5.9 5.1 5.1 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.5 2.7 3.1 3.8 3.4 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.5
Netherlands 5.1 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.3
Croatia 7.4 7.7 7.0 6.3 6.1 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.5 5.3 4.4 4.7 3.6 4.1 5.0 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.8
Ireland 6.2 5.7 5.0 5.3 4.6 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.2
Poland 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.0 6.8 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9
Latvia 10.3 11.0 9.8 9.4 9.3 7.7 7.4 8.5 6.6 7.6 5.6 6.6 6.3 4.4 3.8 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 2.7
Lithuania 8.6 8.0 8.1 6.9 8.1 7.1 7.2 6.3 5.5 5.6 5.0 4.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.5 3.0 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.1
Luxembourg 5.1 5.9 5.1 4.9 3.9 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.8 2.5 3.4 4.3 2.5 3.9 2.8 2.8 3.8 3.2 4.3 4.7 4.5 3.1
Hungary 9.2 8.1 7.2 7.3 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.3
Malta 5.2 3.8 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.4 3.7 6.6 8.5 5.5 5.6 6.5 5.3 6.7 5.0 5.8 7.4 6.7 5.6 6.7 3.9 3.9
Germany 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0
Italy 4.3 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.3
Portugal 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.4
Romania 18.6 18.4 17.3 16.7 16.8 15.0 13.9 12.0 11.0 10.1 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.9 8.2 7.5 6.8 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.2
Spain 4.4 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5
Sweden 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.4 1.8
Slovakia 8.6 6.2 7.6 7.9 6.8 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 4.9 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.4 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.9
Slovenia 4.9 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.9 1.6 2.9 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8
EU27_2020 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2
United Kingdom 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 .. .. ..
Iceland 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.3 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.1 1.8 2.1 2.2 0.7 2.7 1.7 1.1 2.9 3.3
North Macedonia 11.8 11.9 10.2 11.3 13.2 12.8 11.5 10.3 9.7 11.7 7.6 7.6 9.8 10.2 9.9 8.6 11.9 9.2 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.6
Montenegro 11.1 14.6 10.8 11.0 7.8 8.4 11.0 7.4 7.5 5.7 6.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.9 2.2 3.4 1.3 1.7 2.4 2.8 1.4
Norway 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.9
Russia 15.5 14.8 13.9 13.0 12.0 11.1 10.3 9.6 9.0 8.6 8.4 8.2 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1
Switzerland 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.1
Serbia 10.6 10.2 10.1 9.0 8.1 8.0 7.4 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.4 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.7
Türkiye 28.4 28.6 29.6 29.1 27.4 25.8 24.5 16.5 15.7 13.7 12.0 11.7 11.6 10.8 11.1 10.7 10.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 .. ..
India 66.7 64.4 62.1 59.9 57.8 55.7 53.6 51.5 49.3 47.2 45.1 42.9 40.9 38.8 36.9 35.0 33.2 31.5 29.8 28.3 26.8 25.5
Israel 5.6 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7
Japan 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7
China 30.0 27.9 25.7 23.5 21.4 19.5 17.7 16.2 14.8 13.6 12.5 11.5 10.6 9.7 8.9 8.2 7.6 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.1
Republic of Korea 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5
South Africa 48.9 49.4 49.8 49.9 49.8 50.1 49.3 47.6 44.3 39.9 35.7 33.3 31.9 31.0 30.2 29.4 28.9 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.4
Egypt 37.2 35.3 33.6 32.1 30.7 29.4 28.3 27.1 26.1 25.1 24.1 23.1 22.3 21.4 20.6 19.9 19.2 18.6 17.9 17.3 16.8 16.2
Brazil 30.4 28.6 26.8 25.1 23.5 22.0 20.7 19.5 18.4 17.5 16.7 16.0 15.4 14.9 14.6 14.3 15.1 13.8 13.5 13.4 13.1 12.9
United States 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4
Canada 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4
Mexico 23.7 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.5 18.8 18.1 17.5 17.0 16.4 15.9 15.4 14.9 14.4 13.9 13.5 13.1 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4
Australia 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
New Zealand 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9

Footnotes

*Download date: 25 September 2023.
Source: Eurostat (Luxembourg); World Development Indicators (The World Bank, Washington D.C.)

Explanation of symbols

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Datum not available.
green number
Revised datum.
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